AP Psychology Unit 2 Topic 5: Defining and measuring intelligence and achievement

What to Know

Distinguish definition from application in scenario questions.
Identify variables, participants, controls, ethics, and causal limits in research.
Use precise vocabulary because similar terms often differ in important ways.
Always connect this topic back to the larger unit: Cognition.

Detailed Notes

Defining and measuring intelligence and achievement should be learned through definition, example, and application. You need to know what the concept means and how it would appear in a person's behavior or thinking.

In AP Psychology, AP questions often give a scenario and ask you to apply terms. A strong answer names the concept, points to the specific behavior, and explains the connection.

When research is involved, identify variables and limits. Experiments can support causal claims when designed well; correlational studies describe relationships but do not prove causation by themselves.

Key Vocabulary

Neuron

A nerve cell that communicates through electrical and chemical signals.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger released by neurons.

Cognition

Mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem solving.

Learning

A relatively lasting change in behavior or knowledge based on experience.

Operational definition

A precise description of how a variable is measured or manipulated.

Quick Practice

How would you explain Defining and measuring intelligence and achievement in one or two AP-style sentences?

Name the concept, apply it to a specific example or source, and explain the reasoning that connects the evidence to your answer.